Claude Manet †Impressionism †19Th . Oscar-Claude Monet

Claude Manet – Impressionism – 19th Oscar-Claude Monet was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and productive expert of the movement s philosophy of communicating one s observations before nature particularly applied to plein-air landscape painting. The expression Impressionism is from the title of his piece Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was shown in 1874 in the first of the independent presentations mounted by Monet and his partners as an alternate choice to the Salon de Paris. Monet s aspiration of painting the French countryside drove him to embrace a technique for painting the same scene repeatedly, trying to catch the changing of light and the death of the seasons. From†¦show more content†¦35. Monet painted the subject twice, and it is unknown which of the two pictures was the artwork that showed up in the pivotal 1874 presentation, however more as of late, the Moscow picture has been favoured. Monet has been portrayed as the main thrust behind Impressionism. Essential to the art of the Impressionist painters was the comprehension of the effects of light on the local colour of objects, and the impacts of the contrast of hues with each other. Monet s long profession as a painter was spent in the quest for this aim. In 1856, his shot meeting with Eugene Boudin, a painter of little beaches, opened his eyes to the idea of plein-air painting. From that time, with a short intrusion for military administration, he committed himself to hunting down better than ever strategies for painterly expression. In 1877 a progression of works of art at St-Lazare Station had Monet taking a gander at smoke and steam and the way that they influenced shading and perceivability, being here and there misty and some of the time translucent. He was to further utilize this in study in the painting of the effects of mist and rain on the landscape. The investigation of the impacts of climate was to develop into various arrangements of works of art in which Monet often painted a similar subject in various lights, at various hours of the day, and through theShow MoreRelatedClaude Monet and Impressionism1107 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you talk about impressionism, you will always connect it with Oscar Claude Monet but there were many impressionist artists beside Claude Monet. But in this composition we will talk more about Claude Monet because he was the founder of Impressionism in the world. Oscar Claude Monet was the founder of impressionism. He is a famous french painter whose work gave a name to the art movement impressionism. Claude Monet’s famous quote is â€Å"merely think here is a little square of blue, here an oblong

Essay on Cultural Competency and Health Disparities

The United States’ population is currently rising exponentially and with growth comes demographic shifts. Some of the demographics shifts include the population growth of Hispanics, increase in senior citizens especially minority elderly, increase in number of residents who do not speak English, increase in foreign-born residents, population trends of people from different sexual orientation, and trends of people with disabilities (Perez Luquis, 2009). As a public health practitioner, the only way to effectively eliminate health disparities among Americans, one must explore and embrace the demographic shifts of the United States population because differences exist among ethnic groups (Perez, 2009). We must be cognizant of the adverse†¦show more content†¦Without these methods, the work of public health practitioners would be inadequate. The first step to achieving complete cultural competency is valuing diversity. It is a process that requires cultural humility. Unlike competency, cultural humility goes beyond simply being knowledgeable of differences, but having a humble desire to ensure a lifelong commitment to intercultural exchange (Tervalon Murray-Garcia, 1998). I have witnessed some Americans oppose the idea of immigration and strongly believe that American services should not cater to immigrants. They believe that all foreigners should learn English and the United States should not accommodate their linguistic needs. These same people are aware of the cultural differences that exist in America, but lack cultural humility and appreciation for diversity, making it difficult for them to attain complete cultural competency. A public health professional cannot go into a community, assuming that everyone thinks and behaves like them. They must be open-minded, flexible, empathetic, and aware of the differences and similarities that exist. Therefore, cultural humility is a prerequisite in achieving cultural competence. The next step in cultural and linguistic competency is conducting both aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Culture On Health Care1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe health care disparities. Consequently, it is essential that health care organizations improve its cultural competency. Overall, the increased diversity in the population and the documented health care disparities have made cultural competency essential in order, to ensure that every patient receives quality health care services (Haynes, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of culture on health care. Define the Role of Cultural Awareness in the Management of Health CareRead MoreDiversification Continues To Rise In The United States1626 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation health. Additionally, health disparities are growing and impacting the health care field. Cultural competency and communication across language barriers are influential in producing quality care for socioeconomically challenged minorities. However, educational attainment and health literacy are the most influential factors for minorities’ well-being. Better quality of care for minorities ultimately results in an improvement in population health. Keywords: health disparities, health literacyRead MoreIn The United States It Is Estimated That By 2043, Nonwhite1558 Words   |  7 Pagesmore people who are of a diverse culture will have to use medical services. As of right now, there are many health disparities when it comes to the ethnic population. With a shift in demographics, the health sector in various central Ohio counties has proven that they are not prepared enough to handle a diverse community. There are many reasons as to why cultural competence is lacking in health care. From racism, lack of proper education, lack of diversity in the workforce, communication problems,Read MoreHow Can Education Be A Solution For Increase Cultural Competency?1386 Words   |  6 Pagesbe a solution to increase cultural competency? It is beneficial to establish cultural competency skills in students to prepare them for future work in the health sector especially as there continues to be growth in the minority population. Cultural comp etencies must be meaningfully incorporated into the curriculum to show student for how important it is for their community to be able to help people of different ethnic backgrounds (Knox and Haupt, 2015). Cultural competency can be incorporated intoRead MoreThe Culturally Competent Health Care Workforce949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Culturally Competent Health Care Workforce Reduces Disparities Cultural competence is the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the individual health care professionals when they treat individual patients who are from different race, ethnicity, and religion and diverse backgrounds. In the U.S, some patients receive equal treatment in the health care facilities, but others receive unequal treatment because they are from diverse backgrounds. In the article, â€Å"Cultural Clues† Melissa Hansen focusesRead MoreNational Health Care Quality and Disparities Report Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesThe National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) (2012) identified three key themes. The themes are health care quality and access are suboptimal, especially for minority and low income groups; overall quality is improving, access is getting worse and disparities are not changing; and urgent attention is warranted to ensure continued improvements in: quality diabetic care, maternal and child health, adverse events, disparities in cancer care and quality care among the states in theRead MoreThe American Association Of Nurse Practitioners1631 Words   |  7 Pages(SFCAPN, 2015). Core Competencies and Certification Requirements The curriculum for nurses in advance practice requires that every APRN is academically prepared by adhering to the seven core competencies for APRNs. Moreover, NP students of all specialty tracks and population foci, have to meet a set of criteria and academic standards developed by the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF). This framework, known as the Nurse Practitioner Core Competencies, is comprised of nineRead MoreGlobal Health Competency Among Advanced Practice Nurses1515 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no documentation of global health competency among advanced practice nurses, specifically for Nurse Practitioners in current health related literature. Global health competency is an issue of increasing importance as we face an era of immense globalization, migration, immigration, and widening income gaps. It is widely accepted that lower income status, ethnic and racial disparities place persons at risk for increased morbidity and mortality globally and locally. Additionally, advancedRead MoreCultural Influences On The Health Care Delivery System1482 Words   |  6 Pagesand health practices within various cultural groups (Riegelman, Kirkwood, 2015). These diversities influence patient interactions in the health care delivery system. Consequently, cultural influences have led to various disparities in healthcare. A culturally competent healthcare organization is one that recognizes the influences of culture and the subsequent disparities created. These organizations have focused efforts which tailor their delivery of care in order to meet the cultural, socialRead MoreHealth Care Delivery System Of The United States877 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care Delivery System The health care delivery system of the United States is unique compared to the other developed countries. The health care system of United States relies on the development and implementation of new health care technology. The use of new technology in the field of health care will help to provide services with increased quality and efficacy (Shi Singh, 2015). The external forces affecting the provision of health care delivery also has an inevitable role in the functioning

Snapshot If The Psychological Functioning †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Snapshot If The Psychological Functioning? Answer: Introducation The purpose of Mental State Examination (MSE) is to assess the mental state and behaviour of an individual at the time of interview. The goal of MSE is the identification of signs and symptoms pertaining to mental illness for providing proper assistance to the client and addressing of related risks. This exam provides a systematic appraisal and reflects the snapshot if the psychological functioning of a person at a given time period. This examination provides a comprehensive and cross-sectional mental state description of a patient that help a nurse or clinician for making accurate diagnosis for the planning of coherent treatment (Dong, et al., 2012). MSE can be performed in a wide range of settings like psychiatric or in an outpatient hospital settings by registered nurses and clinicians. For the registered nurses, MSE is useful as it provides a comprehensive assessment of mental state that include medical, psychiatric, medication and personal history of the client. It is useful for the screening of cognitive impairment and its monitoring over time. This examination help the RNs to assess the general behaviour and appearance, attentiveness, level of consciousness, mood and effect, language, memory, alertness, abstract reasoning and constructional ability which are most clinically relevant for measuring cognitive abilities (Wajman, Oliveira, Schultz, Marin, Bertolucci, 2014). Various domains are considered in a typical MSE for the systematic appraisal. Appearance: The appearance of the client is important that provide significant clues about their quality of life, lifestyle, self-care and ability to perform the activities of daily living. For example, if a client is well dressed, it demonstrates the clothing and grooming of that person. If a persons clothing is clean, it demonstrates that if the person performs hygiene on a daily basis or not. These distinctive features are being demonstrated in the appearance domain (Saliba, et al., 2012). Behaviour: This important domain demonstrates the behaviour of a person during the examination. Non-verbal communication is given special attention and monitoring is done during the interview that reveals the attitude, emotional state of a person. For example, if the level of arousal is high during the examination, it demonstrates agitation or aggressive behaviour of a person. The body language, facial expression, posture, eye contact is noticed during MSE. For example, if a person lacks eye contact during MSE, it demonstrates the poor response of the client to assessment and level of social engagement and rapport with the registered nurse or the clinician. Movement and psychomotor activity is also noticed under this domain such as the client is hypoactive or hyperactive. It also depicts the unusual features like tremors, repetitive, slowed or involuntary movements (Taylor, 2013). Speech and content of speech: This domain is helpful in revealing the presentation of a persons feature during MSE. The behaviour and content of the speech is important as it help to depict the language of a person. For example, if the person demonstrates unusual speech that might be associated with anxiety and mood problems, organic pathology or schizophrenia. It is observed that if the persons speech rate is rapid, pressured or reduced. The volume (normal, loud, soft) is observed along with tonality (tremulous, monotonous), quantity (voluble, minimal) and ease of conversation. This is useful in the demonstration of these possible descriptors along with rhythm and fluency whether the content of speech is clear, slurry, hesitant, aphasic or with good articulation (Altmann, Tian, Henderson, Greicius, 2013). Mood and Affect: This domain is useful in the conceptualization of the relationship between the economics affect and mood. Affect is defined as the immediate emotional expressions. On the other hand, mood explains the emotional experience of a person over a prolonged time. For example, affect demonstrates the stability of a person like labile or stable. Happiness is demonstrated by mood whether it is elevated, ecstatic, depressed or lowered. Affect also explains the appropriateness (inappropriate, appropriate or incongruous) and range (flat, restricted, expansive or blunted) of a person. Irritability is defined by mood whether the person is calm, explosive or irritable by nature (Cumming, Churilov, Lindn, Bernhardt, 2013). Thought: The thinking of a person is evaluated based on nature or thought content and process or thought form. Content explains various aspects of thought process like delusions, ideas, suicidal or self-harm ideation, obsessions or anxiety. For example, if a person demonstrates false beliefs that are rigidly this is not consistent to ones background depicts delusions. Unreasonable beliefs demonstrate overvalued ideas, preoccupations and depressive thoughts. Repetitive thoughts about a catastrophic or feared outcome greatly illustrate obsessions of a person. Anxiety is explained by phobias where a person demonstrates heightened anxiety (Forbes Watt, 2015). Thought process shows coherence and formation of thoughts which is greatly reflected in the speech of a person and expression of ideas. Various thought levels are explained through process like if a person demonstrates derailment or loose associations, it reflects irrelevant thinking. Tangential thinking or flight of ideas reflects frequent changing of topic, excessive vagueness depicts circumstantial thinking, use of nonsense words and thought clocking or racing is reflected in halted or pressured speech. Perception: This domain is important for the detection of serious mental health issues like psychosis, mood disorders or severe anxiety. It is also helpful in the measurement of perceptual disturbances marked by frightening or disturbing perceptions. For example, if a person demonstrates derealisation or depersonalization, it depicts dissociative symptoms. For example, if a person who thinks that surrounding things are not real and unusual characterizes illusions. Hallucinations can be auditory, visual where a persons sensory modalities are affected and the nurse or clinician note the degree of distress or fear that are associated with hallucinations (Douglas Robertson, 2013). Cognition: This domain refers to the current capacity of processing of information, as it is sensitive in case of mental health problems. If a person is unaware of the time, place or person and incapable of providing his or her personal details, it depicts disorientation to reality. It also measures the level of consciousness whether the person is drowsy, alert, stuporous or intoxicated. It also measures the memory functioning, arithmetic and literacy skills, concentration and attention and the ability of a person to deal with the abstract concepts (Sattler, Toro, Schnknecht, Schrder, 2012). Insight: It is the triaging of the psychiatric presentations and the persons ability to take decisions about their safety. For example, it is the acknowledgement of a person regarding possible mental health problem in understanding the possible treatment and its compliance. It also measures the ability for the identification of potentially pathological episodes like suicidal impulses or hallucinations (Douglas Robertson, 2013). Anxiety and depression: Severe anxiety disorders are characterized by the depressive symptoms and may produce suicidal ideation, agitation and risk for suicide. In anxiety and depression, speech domain in MSE is affected where the person demonstrates unusual speech that might be pressured, rapid or with reduced tempo. Thoughts are also affected due to anxiety where there might be heightened anxiety or the person witness specific phobia. Most importantly, if a person is suffering from anxiety and depression, there is disturbance in perceptions like dissociative symptoms, illusions, hallucinations. Based on the physical appearance, anxious patients would exhibit restlessness, sweaty palms and distractibility. The mood might be normal or depressive. The behaviour and psychomotor activity is also affected in anxiety and depression where the patient exhibit hyperactivity and agitation (Cosco, Doyle, Ward, McGee, 2012). Behaviour and mood is significant part of anxiety because it changes these parameters in some way or the other. Certain neurotransmitters acting as chemical messengers help in the communication of different nervous system parts and regulate behaviour and mood. In anxiety, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) does not work properly that leads to overreaction or vigilance feeling and hyperactive behaviour. Anxiety affects cognition like thoughts about fear of dying and suspected dangers where amygdala and hippocampus are affected. There is high response to the emotional stimuli that increases anxiety. Unusual speech is recognized in anxiety as muscle tension makes the movement harder resulting in abnormal speech. During anxiety or depression, speech is controlled by the person rather than by subconscious mind resulting in abnormal speech (Ng, Y., Schlaghecken, 2012). Psychotic disorders: There is abnormal thinking, delusions, hallucinations and perceptions that are affected by psychotic disorders. The person experience visual or auditory hallucinations that are considered perpetual disturbance. The thinking ability is disrupted in psychotic disorders and delusions occur where the person has false beliefs that are rigidly held. Dopamine plays an important role in the internal representations, pays attention to the emotional stimulus, and prepares response. However, in psychosis, dopamine is released at random events leading to abnormal information gating and aberrant salient experiences. Hallucinations are accompanied by auditory or visual hallucinations where there is activation of modality-specific activation in the cerebral areas that are involved in sensory processing. However, there is alteration in the Amygdala-Visceral and Hippocampus leading to over activation and inability to distinguish between external stimulation and self-generated tho ughts including activation of Wernickes area and there are auditory hallucinations (vices heard outside in contrast to the inside due to plenum temporal activation). The primary neurotransmitter, dopamine has increased pharmacological effect that gives rise to hallucinations or psychotic delusions. There is delusional thinking and the person is unable to find or connect the meaningful relationships between ideas or unrelated stimuli. This is the reason the person have an impaired relationship with the reality (Fusar-Poli, et al., 2012). Patient-centred care: It is a holistic approach where the specific needs of the individual are respected. There is personalization of the care and support given to the client where the mental health nurses understand the culture and specific needs are included in the mental health services given to the client. Their choices and needs are supported in a way that fits the way they want to live. In mental health nursing, personalized service is given that reflect listening and improved understanding and empathy towards the people who experiences mental health issues as witnessed in MSE (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). Cultural appropriateness: In mental health nursing, cultural appropriateness is important as the healthcare providers have to be aware of the mental health issues faced by diverse groups. The mental health services need to be culturally competent so that they are able to support the clients with mental health issues from culturally diverse groups. The healthcare services should be adequate to identify and understand the language and cultural differences of the mental health patients and in reducing the stigmatization associated with them (Doyle, 2012). The multidisciplinary team: In mental health nursing, the multidisciplinary system comprises of the psychiatrists, clinical nurses, specialists, psychologists, mental health nurses, occupational therapists, medical secretaries and sometimes advocacy and care workers. These professionals have different expertise combined with skills who work together in tackling challenging and complex mental health issues of the patients. This team work in collaboration and in a dedicated manner contributing to the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management of the mental health issue towards holistic patient-centred care (Chalmers, Harrison, Mollison, Molloy, Gray, 2012). Psychotropic medications: The psychiatric drugs are used for the alteration of chemical levels in the brain that has an impact on the behaviour and mood. This medication provides safety and stability from paralysing anxiety, however, the benefit differs from patient to patient. Some important drugs include Xanax, Zoloft, Celexa, Prozac, Ativan, Desyrel and Lexapro help to improve the symptoms of depression, neuroticism and extroversion by calming them down in few weeks of use (Rssler, 2012). Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS): A self-reported instrument of 42 items measures the negative states of emotion of anxiety, depression and stress or tension. DASS scores interpret that the values for depression, anxiety and stress should be low as much as possible and has certain cut-off values. The scores range from zero depicting that the items are not applicable for them to three that means items can be applied to them for most of the time. The main purpose of this tool is to identify and isolate the emotional disturbance aspects. For example, in psychiatric or outpatient settings, the registered nurses or clinicians do the assessment for the degree of severity for the core anxiety, depression or stress symptoms. It is helpful for the registered nurses as it helps to measure the negative and emotional states of anxiety, depression and stress. The scores obtained by the patient would help the nurses to calculate by summing the scores for the relevant parameters. In the clini cal setting, the nurses clarify the emotional disturbance that is the broad task for the clinical assessment. DASS scale help them to make decisions based on the score profiles in the clinical examination. Moreover, the clinicians would be able to determine the suicidal ideation and risk for any kind of suicide in the disturbed persons. The aim of this scale is to define and explore the core symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress and meeting of the rigorous standards of psychiatric adequacy and development of discrimination between the anxiety depression scales to the maximum. The experienced registered nurse or clinician interpret and decide based on DASS result score for the anxiety, depression or stress (Happell, Scott, Platania?Phung, Nankivell, 2012). There are specific ethical and legal considerations while conducting the mental health assessment by the mental health professionals. Firstly, informed consent need to be obtained from the patient or client before the commencement of mental health assessment as it the ethical duty for the evaluation of the mental health issues. In this, the patient or client need to know about the nature and purpose of the mental health assessment along with potential disclosures and confidentiality associated with the assessment. In cases where there is third party involvement that also need to be informed to the patient. Confidentiality is the second ethical consideration where the mental health professional conducting the assessment are obliged to maintain a certain degree of confidentiality, respect for patient privacy in the legal and ethical context. There should not be any kind of disclosure of the patient information associated with the particular evaluation. Apart from these ethical and lega l considerations, the mental health professions have the obligation to disclose only relevant information with the healthcare team for the diagnosis, treatment and management of the mental health conditions. The legal considerations involve no breaching of these ethical considerations while conducting the mental health assessment. It is the duty of the mental health professionals to maintain the confidentiality of the evaluee by writing an authorization before the release of information and taking into consideration to release only the authorized information (Oei, Sawang, Goh, Mukhtar, 2013). Patient-centred care: It is a measure where the metal healthcare professionals work for the development and implementation of actionable plan for the patient who scored concerning scores in DASS scale. The care is developed to fulfil the goals of personal recovery that scored significant marks in DASS scale. There is designing of care plans that promote oriented care and recovery that minimizes symptoms of anxiety, depression or stress (Manary, Boulding, Staelin, Glickman, 2013). Cultural appropriateness: Many patients come from culturally and diverse backgrounds suffering from mental health issues and stigmatization. There is lack of healthcare services in the mainstream that works to meet the cultural needs of these diverse patients and acts as a barrier. Therefore, there is need for mental health givers to be knowledgeable and culturally competent in providing culturally appropriate care for the ethnic patients as cultural factors greatly influence the therapeutic process (Purnell, 2014). The multidisciplinary team: MDT comprising of psychiatrist, clinical and mental health nurses, therapists and psychologists work in inter-professional collaboration in the diagnosis, treatment and in providing metal health services that improve the state of anxiety, depression or stress and enhance services rendered by the institutions. Among the MDT, nurses are the most important professionals who help to establish contact and interpersonal relationship with the patient and provide highest quality of care (Videbeck, 2013). Psychotropic medications: For the patients who scored significant marks in DASS scale, it is important to give class of psychotropic medications like antidepressants and anti-anxiety agents. These treatments are safer as antidepressants help with phobias, panic attacks, suicidal thoughts, sleeping thoughts and eating disorders. Tranquilizers or anti-anxiety drugs are used to treat anxiety that interfere the patients in their daily life. Benzodiazepines are also used acting as tranquilizers (Wexler, 2013). References Altmann, A., Tian, L., Henderson, V. W., Greicius, M. D. (2013). Sex modifies the APOE?related risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Annals of neurology, 122-129. doi: 10.1002/ana.24135. Retrived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623176 Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision marketingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care. New England Journal of Medicine, 780-781. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1109283 Retreived form: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1109283#t=article Chalmers, A., Harrison, S., Mollison, K., Molloy, N., Gray, K. (2012). Establishing sensory-based approaches in mental health inpatient care: a multidisciplinary approach. Australasian Psychiatry, 35-39. doi: 10.1177/1039856211430146 Retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1177/1039856211430146 Cosco, T. D., Doyle, F., Ward, M., McGee, H. (2012). Latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale: a 10-year systematic review. . Journal of psychosomatic research,, 180-184. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008. Retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008 Cumming, T. B., Churilov, L., Lindn, T., Bernhardt, J. (2013). Montreal Cognitive Assessment and MiniMental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 122-129. : DOI: 10.1111/ane.12084. retreived form: https://sci-hub.io/10.1111/ane.12084 Dong, Y., Lee, W. Y., Basri, N. A., Collinson, S. L., Merchant, R. A., Venketasubramanian, N., Chen, C. L. (2012). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is superior to the MiniMental State Examination in detecting patients at higher risk of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 1749-1755. doi:10.1017/S1041610212001068. retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1017/s1041610212001068 Douglas, G. N., Robertson, C. (2013). Macleod's Clinical Examination E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Doyle, K. (2012). Measuring cultural appropriateness of mental health services for Australian Aboriginal peoples in rural and remote Western Australia: a client/clinician's journey. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health,, 40-53. doi: 10.1080/17542863.2010.548915 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17542863.2010.548915 Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015). Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A. R., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., ... McGuire, P. (2012). Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of general psychiatry, 220-229. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472 Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1107408 Happell, B., Scott, D., Platania?Phung, C., Nankivell, J. (2012). Should we or shouldn't we? Mental health nurses' views on physical health care of mental health consumers. International journal of mental health nursing, 202-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00799.x Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00799.x/full Manary, M. P., Boulding, W., Staelin, R., Glickman, S. W. (2013). The patient experience and health outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 201-203. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1211775 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1211775 Ng, J., Y., C. H., Schlaghecken, F. (2012). Dissociating effects of subclinical anxiety and depression on cognitive control. Advances in cognitive psychology, 38. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0100-6 Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303107/ Oei, T. P., Sawang, S., Goh, Y. W., Mukhtar, F. (2013). Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures. International Journal of Psychology,, 1018-1029. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.755535 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207594.2012.755535 Purnell, L. D. (2014). Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis. Rssler, W. (2012). Stress, burnout, and job dissatisfaction in mental health workers. . European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 65-69. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0688-3 Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-012-0353-4 Saliba, D., Buchanan, J., Edelen, M. O., Streim, J., Ouslander, J., Berlowitz, D., Chodosh, J. (2012). MDS 3.0: Brief interview for mental status. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 611-617. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.06.004 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861012001831 Sattler, C., Toro, P., Schnknecht, P., Schrder, J. (2012). Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. . Psychiatry research, 90-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012 Taylor, M. A. (2013). The neuropsychiatric mental status examination. Elsevier. Videbeck, S. (2013). Psychiatric-mental health nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Wajman, J. R., Oliveira, F. F., Schultz, R. R., Marin, S. D., Bertolucci, P. H. (2014). Educational bias in the assessment of severe dementia: Brazilian cutoffs for severe Mini-Mental State Examination. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 273-277. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20140002 Retrieved from: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0004282X2014000400273script=sci_arttexttlng=pt Wexler, D. B. (2013). Mental health law: Major issues. Springer Science Business Media.

Malaysian National Snack Essays - Malaysian Cuisine,

Malaysian National Snack I went to a Malaysian restaurant with my family last weekend to try some new Asian dishes we never tasted before. The name of the restaurant is Yazmin Malaysian Restaurant. That restaurant is located on Las Tunas Drive, San Gabriel. We ordered the curry noodles, the spicy chicken wings, the curry squids, and the satay. Among the foods we ordered, I would like to describe a dish that is called "Satay." It is so delicious, and it is a new Asian dish that I never tasted before. There are many interesting Malaysian traditional things in that Malaysia restaurant. The restaurant was decorated by hanging the Malaysian traditional kites and posters with Malaysia famous places. Besides the kites and the posters, there also has some traditional clothes on the walls. The boss called that is the "Batik" clothes. Thus, I felt that I was like that I was eating in Malaysia in that time. We ordered some Malaysia traditional foods, and one of those dishes that I like it very much. That is "Satay." Satay is a barbecued meat on a skewer. There are five skewers on a plate accompany with some bite-size cubes of cold, cook rice and the cool slices of cucumber, and uncook red onion. Along with it, there is a smaller plate filled with spicy peanut gravy. By using the same skewer, I dipped the meat into the spicy peanut gravy before I tasted it. Then, I speared a cube of cold, cook rice, and dipped into the gravy. Besides the bite-size of rice, I also speared a slice of cucumber and a slice of red onion, and dipped them into the gravy. It is so delicious until I had eaten up all the satay. Satay's meat is marinated and threaded through thin bamboo skewers before grilled. When it is grilled, it is basted with margarine by using a lemon grass as brush. I believe this made the smell better. However, the satay gravy has more complicated ingredients. It contains of peanuts, onion, garlic, chilies, lemon juices, coconut milk, ground cumin, ground turmeric, and chopped lemon grass. The cucumber and onion are prepared uncook and cut into slices. The rice cubes are made of plain rice which cook with coconut milk instead of water. I like to eat the gravy because it contains peanuts in it. The peanuts made the gravy so crunchy and I like it very much. The satay's meat is also good. However, when the satay became cold, I felt hard to chew. I like the rice cubes and the cucumber very much, but not the uncook onion because it was smelled bad after eating. Satay is a traditional food of Malaysia. It is so special compared to the other Asian's food I had tried. Of course, I would like to eat the satay again if I have a chance to go back to that Malaysian restaurant.

Mcdonalds Essays (2045 words) - Marketing, Management, Business

Mcdonalds I Introduction II Differentiation III Product Differentiation A. Variety B. Quality C. Taste D. Size E. Price IV Service differentiation a. Ordering ease 1. At Mcdonalds 2. Drive through b. Delivery 1. A home delivery c. Miscellaneous services V Personnel Differentiation d. Competence e. Courtesy f. Credibility g. Reliability h. Responsiveness i. Communication VI Image Differentiation A. Symbol B. Media C. Atmosphere Conclusion I. Introduction: We have come to a time where the competitions between firms is getting more aggressive than ever before therefore every company has to have a certain weapon to defend itself or to gain new markets. This project is about the differentiation tools used by the McDonlads Company and how it uses it resources to gain a competitive advantage and to be the leader in the market II. Differentiation It is the act of designing a set of meaningful differences top distinguish the companys offering from competitors offering. The number of differentiation opportunities varies with the type of industry: 1.volume industry: one in which companies can gain on only a few but rather large, competitive advantage. In the construction-equipment industry, a company can strive for the low cost position or the highly differentiated position and win big on either basis. Profitability is correlated with company size and Market share. 2.stalemated industry: one in which the are a few potential competitive advantages and each is small. Profitability is unrelated to the market share 3.fragmented industry (applied on our case):one which companies face many opportunities for differentiation, but each opportunity for competitive advantage is small. Both small and large companies profitable or unprofitable. 4.specialized industry: one in which companies face many differentiation opportunities, and each differentiation can have a high payoff, some small companies can be profitable as some large companies. III. Product differentiation: Physical products vary in their potential for differentiation .at one extreme we find product that allow little variation ex:(chicken) .At the other extreme products there are products which are capable of high differentiation :(cars). A. Variety It is how many products the company produces and for how long does have to be in the market before we can introduce new ones. It depends on how long the products are in the market. In a new market, we prefer not to have too much in order to be consistent with the public knowledge. Few products at first is always a better strategy. I.e.: Big, quarter, pounder, filet o fish. Eventually you introduce more products (Mc royal, Mc feats, Double cheeseburger after a certain period when the people are familiar with the old product (Happy meal) B. Quality It is the quality of the product and what are the steps taken by the firm to have the maximum quality using the available resources \ When you start with few products this increase the quality Quality requires several needs. Purchasing a product has to be done in a very organized way and it has to pass all the health procedures. We conduct a training program for all the crew in the kitchen (back area) so we can make sure that they have good sanity and the have the knowledge of the all the required measurements. All this makes sure that quality is food C. Taste Is how the consumer perceive the product even he likes it or not and if he things that it needs improvement or not We get the right ingredients and the right portions of ingredients either locally made or imported to make sure that we are serving the right product and the same taste expected worldwide In some countries after a few years (never at the beginning) we try to offer special product with local taste (spicy chicken & burger in Egypt, Japan with Japanese sauce, China with sweat and sour.) We try to adapt to the local taste in few items and to keep our international flavor as well D. Size Either the company has a size standard and how does it respect it or It doesnt have a standard and how does It act due to this situation We have standard size internationally and we have to respect it, but we do have bigger size (Big Mac) we try to offer the force flavor (local taste) in a bigger sandwich to give more value to the consumer (Upsize your Combo). Size is very important, The more the client pay in a Big size the more it is profitable as we save more on paper cost. The more the size is bigger the more we save cost. E. Price Price is he selling

Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer Essays

Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer Essays Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer Essay Case study of bipolar disorder sufferer Essay Peoples with bipolar upset have extreme temper swings ( symptoms ) . They can travel from feeling as if they are on top of the universe, overactive, originative, and grandiose- passion to experiencing really sad, despairing, helpless, worthless, and hopeless -depression. This disease is called bipolar upset because the temper of a individual with bipolar upset can jump between two wholly opposite poles, euphoric felicity and utmost unhappiness. The extremes of temper normally occur in rhythms, in between these temper swings, people with bipolar upset are able to work usually, keep a occupation, and have a normal household life. The episodes of temper swings tend to go closer together with age. When a individual is in the clasp of this disease, pandemonium can happen. Bipolar upset can do major break of household and fundss, loss of occupation, and matrimonial jobs. In Jim s instance he becomes wholly dependent of his parents. Because of the extreme and hazardous behavior that goes with bipolar upset, it is really of import that the upset be identified. With proper and early diagnosing, this mental status can be treated. Bipolar upset is a long-run unwellness that will necessitate proper direction for the continuance of a individual s life. Jim is in his mid fifths and he still live with his parents, whose are in their late 1970ss. He is the lone kid and his parents overprotect him over the old ages owing to that he became wholly de-skilled, dis-empowered and entire dependent. He is non able to negociate and he was non included in household treatments to demo his sentiment. The lone manner that he has to demo that he is non happy is by shouting and shouting. Jim decidedly besides suffers from Eternal kid syndrome, besides know as Peter Pan syndrome, and is to fault his parents who been treated him like a kid all his life. Psychologists warn that overprotective parents can be responsible for this upset as this prevents them from developing necessary accomplishments to face life. Jim chronologically grows older but in truth he has non grown up. Like Peter Pan he breaks social norms to function their ain intents and do non care much for the feelings and rights of his parents. He wants all the power but is non willing to portion the duties, non ready to give and reject moral constructions which are portion of mature maturity. As the World Health Organization has non yet recognized Peter Pan Syndrome as a psychological upset, the syndrome is non presently considered a abnormal psychology. Psychologists make a clear differentiation between Peter Pan Syndrome and other, more serious, mental conditions affecting grownups who behave as kids both emotionally and mentally. This is because it is frequently found that people enduring from Peter Pan Syndrome are mentally to the full developed grownups who frequently carry professional activities necessitating strong rational accomplishments. This syndrome is frequently associated with self-love, although non in a negative manner, egoistic sense. They are attracted to self-contemplation in an effort to happen that inventive comfort inside their ain heads. On a positive sense this feature is seen as being in touch with the unchecked imaginational freedom of childhood. While yielding to the prescribed order of things, most people forget all that they knew as an idealistic kid, the ageless kid is able to pull from their ain altogether, originative energy to remind us of how colourful life truly is. Work forces enduring from the Peter Pan Syndrome display the undermentioned traits in their relationship with parents: Are obsessed with their female parents Have estranged relationship with the male parent They believe that it is non possible to obtain the male parent s love and blessing They have trouble interacting with figures of authorization Are non mature emotionally Exhibit silly behavior Hide their interior insecurity with butch attitude Males diagnosed with holding this syndrome were found to exhibit the undermentioned psychological traits: Either exaggerated or paralytic emotions Anger taking utmost signifier of fury Joy turning into craze Disappointment grows and develops into depression or self-pity As a consequence males diagnosed with this syndrome find it hard to show love, garbage to portion feelings, experience guilty and have trouble relaxing. Work force with Peter Pan Syndrome find it hard to do echt friends and as a consequence feel urgently entirely. They do nt experience regretful for inappropriate actions but blame others for their defect. Males diagnosed with holding this syndrome were found to exhibit the undermentioned psychological traits: Either exaggerated or paralytic emotions Anger taking utmost signifier of fury Joy turning into craze Disappointment grows and develops into depression or self-pity As a consequence males diagnosed with this syndrome find it hard to show love, garbage to portion feelings, experience guilty and have trouble relaxing and happen hard to do echt friends and as a consequence feel urgently entirely. This has a immense impact in Jim s parents who are happening hard to get by with all this affairs, particularly in during the winter. They are bit by bit worried about their ability to get by and what will go on with Jim when they die. They might experience a host of emotions: hurt, exposure, choler, guilt and, certainly they likely are exhausted. As an informal carer for several old ages, Jim s parents revolved all their life on him, they devoted all their unrecorded to him. Like Jim who does non has friends ( apart organize his parent s friends ) , some people that experienced the same status as him by and large have a really limited societal web every bit good, and usually the people that they interact are chiefly informal callings . 4 First of all Jim s parents have take him to GP and if he is diagnosed with bipolar upset, the GP will mention him to a head-shrinker ( a medically qualified mental wellness specializer ) , clinical psychologist and /or CPN. At his assignment he will be given an appraisal. The head-shrinker will inquire him a figure of inquiries to find whether or non he has bipolar upset and, if he has, what interventions will be most suited for you. He will be asked about his symptoms and when he foremost experienced them. The head-shrinker will besides inquire him, approximately how he, normally feel taking up to, and during, an episode of passion, or depression, and whether he has had ideas about harming yourself or others. The head-shrinker will besides desire to happen out about his medical background and his household history in order to find whether any of your relations has had bipolar upset. If person else in his household had the status, the head-shrinker may wish to speak to them. After the appraisal the head-shrinker will order the right drugs and refer him to a clinical psychologist. Psychotherapists work with persons, twosomes, households and groups to assist them get the better of a scope of psychological and emotional issues. With the client as an active participant, clinical psychologists use personal intervention programs and a assortment of non-medical-based interventions to: address the client s thought procedures, feelings and behavior ; understand inner struggles ; happen new ways to cover with, and alleviate, hurt They take a assortment of attacks harmonizing to the theoretical theoretical accounts they adopt and the therapy they pattern. These talking therapies include: cognitive behavioral therapies ; psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies ; humanistic and integrative psychotherapeuticss ; systemic therapies ; hypno-psychotherapy ; experiential constructivist therapies. Community Psychiatric nurses ( CPNs ) would be helpful to Jim as they can see him in his new house and supply him back up through the hard periods of his unwellness, they besides will see him when is good to look into that everything is all right and be the first point of contact if he becomes unwell once more. The CPN will assist Jim with his medicine and do certain that he understands what he should be taking and when. They besides help patient s household ( in this instance Jim s parents ) and callings understand and cope with the unwellness. Jim and his parents would profit of Occupational healers ( OTs ) every bit good. An occupational healer can hold many different functions. They will assist Jim and his parents ( when he moves out of his parents house ) to accommodate to the new environment and to get by with their day-to-day life.OTs may work in infirmaries or in the community. They supervise and assess a individual s ability to look after themselves, e.g. self-care, cookery and housekeeping, I would wish point out that Jim does non cognize how to cook, clean or make his wash. . OTs work with both persons and groups. They can put ends for persons with depression to promote them to accomplish more than they have been able to make while ailment. They might acquire patients involved in specific job-related preparation strategies to better their determination devising and planning about the hereafter. Group work is frequently aimed at increasing people s societal interactions. OTs may utilize many different types of ther apy on an person or group footing, including cognitive behavioral therapy and art and music therapy. They may besides be involved in supplying relaxation preparation to patients referred to them by the mental wellness squad or GPs. Social workers are employed by societal services instead than the wellness service. However, most mental wellness societal workers are based in multidisciplinary community mental wellness squads. Social workers may see patients referred to the squad by GPs. They are likely to be involved if patients have societal jobs, such as lodging, money and work. They may supply reding and advice or more specific therapies. They may command entree to some services such as twenty-four hours Centres, reprieve attention, residential attention and other community support services, eg place aid. A societal worker will besides supply Jim a supported occupancy service which will assist and learn him how to derive his independency and better his quality of life.

Universal Health Care Systems in the United States Essay

Universal Health Care Systems in the United States - Essay Example Zambia is a classical example for low-income nations suffering from poor health care system and 80 percent of the people in the nation ‘are not expected to see their sixtieth birthday’ (Kendall, p. 417). However, statistics show that ‘large expenditure for health care do not always produce better health care for individuals†; for instance, the United States spends one trillion dollars on health care each year; however, when one compares the health care expenditures of Sweden with that of the United States, one can see that â€Å"Sweden spends an average of $ 1,701 per person on health care and has an infant mortality rate of 3.5; by contrast, the United States has an infant mortality rate of 6.8 (Kendall, p. 419). Thus, one comes to understand that there is great disparity among world nations in the distribution of health and diseases, and this has increased the scope for social epidemiology. This paper analyses the need to introduce Universal health care sy stems in the United States with special reference to the PBS documentary ‘Sick Around the World’. The Frontline documentary entitled ‘Sick around the World’ shows why the health care systems of nations like Great Britain and Japan are much more effective than that of the United States. The correspondent T.R Reid reports how the five nations-Britain, Japan, Germany, Taiwan and Switzerland-have adopted better universal health care systems than of the United States. In all these nations, â€Å"insurance premiums are significantly lower than those in America (in Britain there are none), and the waiting time to see a doctor is either tolerable (in Britain) or nonexistent† (Hale, 2008). The first chapter of the documentary ‘Great Britain: A leader in Preventive Medicine’ states that the American health care system is in big danger; the American health care system is the world’s most expensive health system but it leaves 47 billion people without medical coverage  and almost 25 billion are underinsured.  

Obama on Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obama on Family - Essay Example In order to fulfill educational requirements, majority of students in America are working part-time. In most of the cases, this is not their hobby but their need. The children and the family members both dont get much attention from their heads as they're out to work, this leads to communication gap between them, which further becomes the root cause of many problems. Obama also added to this, by comparing his own commitments, professional and personal both, and commented on how he use to keep a balance between his personal commitments, and professional commitments, and consign errands in a more fair way, as Obama and his wife managed and organized their commitments. Obama agrees that this condition is not suitable for the whole family. Yet, he puts the blame on Republicans who, according to his point of view, are not coming up with a realistic and approachable solution to the long-established family structure. Obama has clearly explained that in order to make children well establishe d and firm in the way to progress, they need personal attention and social relationships with stronger and long lasting effect of love and admiration.

Public private partnerships in healthcare sector in middle income Literature review

Public private partnerships in healthcare sector in middle income countries - Literature review Example As well, theoretical as well as empirical studies point to the potential contribution of private sector to reforms aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of health systems. The focus of the study is the increased focus of public-private partnerships (PPP) as a way of increasing capital finance as well as improving the efficiency and quality of service provision in low and middle-income countries. The partnership involves the public sector entering into long-term contract with private sector in order to enable the public sector access private capital for building and renovating health facilities and agreeing to deliver services over the contract period. Such contracts are designed and agreed upon some pre-determined specifications of the required outputs and define the financial, working and clinical standards, which the private sector has to meet. In low and middle-income nations, governments remain the ultimate funder of health care by making periodic payments to private s ector in return for services delivered (Hellowell, 2012 p.71). Public-private partnership is an institutional arrangement built on foundation of fresh public management that claims objectives such as improved efficiency, quality as well as competition of public sector services. In striving to achieve these objectives, PPP aims at achieving value for money while reducing the demands on the state budget by involving the private sector in provision of traditional infrastructure services like health care. Adoption of PPP policy within industrialized nations is often viewed as a tool for further development of public services, while its application in developing nations is a way for reducing poverty and improving the service offered to citizens in such nations. Early 1990s PPPs policy was widely adopted in industrialized nations like USA, UK and Australia; nevertheless, this policy has been diffused in developing nations (Appuhami, Perera & Perera, 2011, p.431). The approach of PPP is at tractive to developing countries that often experience macro-economic problems like poor infrastructure that burden the government budgets and excessive government budget. State-based healthcare service provision and private sector health services have existed together in various low and middle-income nations for decades with many nations having a huge portion of healthcare spending paid by the state. Private providers are heterogonous made up of formal business entities like independent hospitals, informal entities that include unlicensed providers as well as non-profit and non-governmental organizations (Basu, Andrews, Kishore, Panjabi & Stuckler, 2012, p.3). Various studies have disaggregated consumption of health care by income levels and appeared to show that the private sector mainly provide health services to more affluent populations. In the emerging economies, some nations are taking bold steps with the PPP’s by indulging the private sector in both infrastructures re newal and delivery of clinical services in the integrated partnership. Health care is a labour-intensive industry where clinical and ancillary services absorb most the expenditure allotted to many health systems; therefore integrating clinical services with provision of capital infrastructure in PPP offer unique opportunity for

Bilingual signs in the Alsace area

Bilingual signs in the Alsace area Introduction The focus of this essay is on the bilingual signs in the Alsace area. The Alsace, like all of France, is officially monolingual. Even so, in towns such as Strasbourg, Mulhouse/Mà ¼hlhausen or Colmar bilingual street signs have been noticed. Interest in German and Alsatian dialects, repressed until the 1970s, has recently increased. However it may be too late as Alsatian is no longer widely spoken by younger generations. Alsatian may be relegated to an antiquarian curiosity and as such is no longer a threat to French nationalism. This essay presents some primary data in the form of photographs of street signs and demonstrates that there is a pattern to these signs. Bilingual signage only appears in the historic centre, where outside of this the signs are monolingual. Therefore installing street name signs in both French and Alsatian/German may be a tourist draw rather than a genuine attempt to increase the awareness of the language. Bilingual Signs The linguistic landscape is defined as the signs on buildings and shops, road signs, street names and advertising billboards within a geographical territory, which serve the function of conveying information and also a symbolic function (Cenoz Gorter, 2006; Landry Bourhis, 1997). The symbolic function that is served is to promote the language and thus the identity of a minority. Where in previous generations, the dominant culture would obliterate the language of a minority culture living within its confines, either deliberately or simply due to a lack of concern, in the current multicultural climate, minorities are celebrated. Sohamy (2006) refers to language battles taking place between top-down and bottom-up approaches. The top-down approach is from government, public or economic facilities, where bottom-up is when those of an autonomous status such as local business and private citizens initiate the action. These two approaches interact and this is where Sohamy suggests that the battles for control arise. In terms of bilingual signage, these battles would be fought on the linguistic landscape with shop signs being in one language and road signs being in another for instance, or road signs being bilingual and shop signs monolingual. The appearance of language in the public space serves as an important mechanism through which language battlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ take place. Thus, the public place serves as a tool in the hands of different groups for the transmission of messages as to the place of different languages in the geographical and political entities and for influencing and creating de facto language realities. (Sohamy, 2006, p.111) These battles may erupt into criminal behaviour such as the defacing of road signs where the language which is considered unacceptable is obliterated (Chen, 2007). These are civil disobedience actions by people with national pride and pride in their language as a symbol of their nationality, and these actions would be the result of a bottom-up process. In Wales the focus has shifted in recent decades from bottom-up actions like these to a top-down process whereby the government and all official signs must legally be bilingual. A bottom-up protest in Wales now would be a monolingual English sign erected by a shopkeeper who does not wish to pay for translation services. The impact of the bilingual signage in Wales is that drivers take longer to read the sign than if it were monolingual in their dominant language (Jamson, 2004). However, even with this safety concern, and given that there are no longer any Welsh speakers who do not also speak English, it remains politically expedient to oblige all official signs to be bilingual in Welsh and English rather than monolingual English (Merriman Jones, 2008). Thus Wales is officially a bilingual country with a unique history of language activism. The Welsh language has a much stronger position than other minority European languages such as Basque. The Welsh bilingual signs are no longer designed to be quaint or attract ethnic tourism as they may have been in the past (Pitchford, 1995). Other minority European language speakers may still be patronised in this way and have looked to Wales as a model for challenging this attitude. The Alsace Context The Alsace is an historically disputed geographical area between France and Germany. It is an area of linguistic contact between the two dominant languages French and German, and has a unique and complex history of cultural conflict, military occupation and political domination (Kegel, 2003). Since the fifth century AD when the area was occupied by two Germanic tribes, German dialects have been spoken in this area. The Vosges mountain range to the West have served to isolate the population from the French and kept Alsace on the German side of the Germanic-Romance language border. Even when Alsace was officially French it has been easier to travel to Germany rather than into France as recently as the 1970s (Rademaekers, 1973). During the 70s Alsatians had access to television channels from both France and Germany. Most Alsatians at that time spoke both French and German and 80% also spoke Alsatian (Hessini, 1979). However in recent years there has been a decline in use and it is repor ted that younger generations do not speak Alsatian (Bister-Broosen, 2002). French is the state language, is used in education and officialdom, and parents are reluctant for their children to miss learning French as a native tongue due to this prestige. As languages, French and German are considered to be mutually exclusive, French being a Romance language. Alsatian is a Germanic dialect, derived from the Alemanni who settled in the area in the fifth century, and is understood to be German with French borrowings (Hessini, 1979). In fact it has been seen that there are appreciable differences between the dialects in different areas of Alsace and Lorraine, although the whole area is said to speak Alsatian (Judge, 2000). Alsatian was never a written language; Gutenbergs printing press in 1440 precipitated the standardisation of written German. The dialect that was chosen to be the written German was the one considered to be most easily understood by all Germanic dialect speakers. This then became the official and prestige German language and other dialects dwindled. German is the literary medium for the unstandardized Alsatian dialect (Hessini, 1979). The region of the Alsace has changed allegiance or been invaded numerous times through wars between France and Germany, and always seems to be on the losing side (Rademaekers, 1973). Between 1870 and 1945, the Alsace experienced five different changes of nationality, each of which required a change of official language (Vassberg, 1993). It has been French since the end of the Second World War and although Alsatian as a language has more in common with German than with French, as a French province, French has been the official language and Alsatian has been repressed until the 1970s. For example, French educational authorities have forbidden the teaching of German-language courses in Strasbourg primary schools. (Rademaekers, 1973, online). France has become more multicultural in recent years, with bilingual education being introduced, however there is a strong historical context for this monolingualism which stems back to the time of the French Revolution: a nation state which built itself on the principle of one language, one nation. This has meant that all citizens must share the same language in order to be equal before the law; plurality of languages or dialects was felt to be a threat to the cohesion of the nation and for two centuries linguistic policies were based on the elimination of dialects. (Hà ©lot, 2003, p.255) Thus the elimination of Alsatian has been a deliberate policy of French government. In recent years attitudes have changed due to the acknowledgement that learning a second language while young will enhance a childs educational prospects and later their employment prospects (Hà ©lot, 2003; Judge, 2000). However it may well be too late for Alsatian to continue to exist as a language in its own rig ht. If it is no longer spoken, then it will be doomed to become something quaint and old-fashioned, only reeled out for specific purposes (Bister-Broosen, 2002). Alsatian as a spoken language is used on some radio and television, but in all written formats, e.g. education and newspapers, German is used in its place (Judge, 2000). There has not been political language activism in the Alsace in the same way as there has been in other European countries, such as Wales described above. In the 1970s there existed a small-scale group Front de lAlsace libre and there now exists an Alsace dAbord movement which promotes bilingualism on all levels (Judge, 2000). However this is also a small movement and is described as an extreme right-wing movement playing the regionalist card to gain support (Judge, 2000). The supremacy of French in France continues to be absolute, and has been confirmed by Article 2 of the new Constitution of 22 June 1992. This article states that the language of the Republic shall be French. Elected regional authorities use only French. However they do now provide financial aid for the teaching of standard German in Alsace and in 1993 set up the Office rà ©gional du bilinguisme dAlsace (Regional Office for Bilingualism in Alsace). Public and semi-public services are provided solely in French, this includes telephone bills and receipts, telephone directories, hospital signs, electricity bills, post-office and police-station signs (Euromosaic, 2009). Oral communication between the authorities and the public is generally in French, as public employees tend not to be natives of Alsace. In common with other areas in Europe, there is a great deal of geographical movement and there are many other languages spoken in this area not only French, German and Alsatian, including non-European languages. Primary Source Analysis Street Signs in Strasbourg Street signage in Strasbourg has since 1991 begun to be bilingual in French and German. As has been previously mentioned, Alsatian has no written form, and standard German is used in its place, therefore on street signs it would be difficult to distinguish whether they are Alsatian or German as both are the same when it comes to written format. Bilingual signs are also seen in other Alsatian towns such as Mulhouse/Mà ¼hlhausen or Colmar. However, this analysis will concentrate on Strasbourg. On analysis of these street signs, their location and purpose, it might be said that the sign makers are paying lip-service to Alsatian rather than a genuine attempt to reinstate the language. This primary source analysis will begin with street name signs in the historic centre of Strasbourg and will move on to general road signs around Strasbourg for comparison, and signs for the river Rhine. It will then move on to a discussion of the use of bilingual signs, including their patterns and prevalence and opinions on their use. Bilingual Street Name Signs in the Centre of Strasbourg Figure 1 Katzegass (source http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/france-%E2%80%93-belgium-bilingual-road-signs) In Strasbourg, an important and historic street Rue Du Chat (Cat Street) is also signed as Katzegass. It can be seen from the photograph in Figure 1 that the French sign is clearly older than the Alsatian/German. Both in style and condition, the French is seen to be the original with the newer German sign placed above. Figure 2 Isernemannsplatz (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Another historic street in Strasbourgs tourist centre is Place De LHomme De Fer (Iron Mans Square). Figure 2 is a photograph of the two new signs that have replaced the old monolingual sign, the aperture clearly visible beneath the two signs. In this case, both new signs have been produced in the same style although different lettering is used. The French is in capitals and is placed above the Alsatian/German which is in italic script. This photograph was taken in 2001. Road Sign Examples Figure 3 Arrival to Strasbourg on the French side (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Figure 3 is a photograph of a monolingual French sign Communautà © Urbaine de Strasbourg (literally translated as Urban Community of Strasbourg or City of Strasbourg). This photograph was taken in 2001 on the French side of Strasbourg, on entering the city. Figure 4 Arrival to Strasbourg on the German side (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Figure 4 depicts a monolingual German sign on arrival to Kehl, a district of Strasbourg on the German side, and Figure 5 is a photograph of a monolingual German sign leaving Kehl and travelling through Strasbourg towards France. Comparison of Figure 3, 4 and 5 demonstrates that directional signs in Strasbourg are monolingual French on the side nearer to France and German on the side nearer to Germany. Figure 5 Leaving Kehl towards France (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Signs for the River Rhine Figure 6 Leaving Strasbourg (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Leaving Strasbourg, a monolingual French sign indicating le Rhin (the Rhine river) is depicted in Figure 6. And Figure 7 depicts a German sign for Rhein the same river but seen from the German side. Figure 7 Leaving Strasbourg near the Europabrà ¼cke (source http://www.grenzen.150m.com/strasbourgGB.htm) Therefore it can be seen in comparing Figures 6 and 7, that signs for the river are monolingual in French or German depending on which side of the river is being signposted, rather than being bilingual. Patterns and Prevalence of Bilingual Signs Strictly speaking, Figure 1 and Figure 2 are not images of true bilingual signs, they are both images of two monolingual signs placed together. However due to the close proximity of these signs, and due to the fact that there are no true bilingual signs to be found, i.e. two languages on one sign, these will be classed as bilingual signage in this analysis. From these seven images it can clearly be seen that in signage other than street names, the signs in the Strasbourg area are monolingual. Given the cultural and historical significance of the Rhine river, it may be expedient to use bilingual signage for this, however as these photographs (taken in 2001) indicate, this has not been the case. It appears that the only examples of bilingual signage to be found in Strasbourg are in the historic centre, which may be considered the most tourist-visited area. Thus the patterns of signs in this region appear to be German on the side of the city nearer to Germany and French on the side nearer to the rest of France. This includes road signs for the towns and areas and for the river. In the centre there is bilingual signage for the street names. Opinions on Bilingual Signs People do not believe that the French government will promote the use of German. For instance there is little funding available for research projects into German in French universities. There is little encouragement to use written or spoken German in public life; there is little acknowledgement of German as contributing to Frances cultural richness. People are discouraged from giving their children names that are too German although proper names and place names have remained in their traditional correct German form (Euromosaic, 2009). Public notices, door signs, hospital signs, school and trade signs are all in French. As can be seen from this primary source analysis, monolingual German road signs are only evident on the German side of the city. Euromosaic (2009) reports that a number of Commune authorities in France have begun to install bilingual street signs and that these usually appear in historic town centres. This is reportedly due to public pressure, and in Strasbourg this pressure group is referred to as Action-Pirate. The appearance of these signs in historic tourist areas appears to be a salve to indicate government support of a language that no longer presents a challenge to the dominant language of the state. If it is limited to use on street name signs, it become folklorique and antiquarian. It may be the equivalent of the English Ye Olde Teashoppe signs which are understood to be a reference to cultural history rather than a genuine attempt to reinstate a dead form of the language. This may be a cynical view, however with no evidence of bilingual signage outside of these tourist areas, as might be seen in a true bilingual country such as Wales, it is clear that the French authorities are making no effort to support the use of Alsatian in the Alsace. Instead it appears that the language is used as a gimmick to attract ethnic tourism. Conclusion This essay has analysed the prevalence and patterns of bilingual signs in Strasbourg. It has been seen that bilingual signage only appears in the historic centre, where outside of this the signs are monolingual. The conclusion drawn from this is that these signs form a gimmick to be used as a tourist draw. These signs are top down in Sohamys (2006) mechanism, and have a purpose other than simply naming the street. As part of the linguistic landscape, they point to the cultural history of the space rather than being needed for directional purposes.

Evolution Of Management Essay -- Organization Management Industry

Evolution of Management In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first... ...g. Fayol believed that all managers performed these functions and that the functions distinguished management as a separate discipline of study apart from accounting, finance, and production." (Online - http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Log-Mar/Management Thought.html) [3] "McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops." (Online - http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Theory_X.html) [4] "This approach arose out of the observation that the three earlier approaches to management - the Classical, the Behavioral, and the Operations Research - did not always lead to an acceptable solution" (Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H Charnov, Management, Third Edition, page 30)

Literature, Translation Essay

Indian Literature and Literary Theory The present section is an attempt to define a category: Indian Literature, so that one can conjure up a vision of Indian literature which has become more and more relevant during 21th century. 1. 1 An idea of Indian literature: Indian constitution gives us values : liberty, equality and fraternity. These values are Indian literary values, because literature is highly valued writing. In other words we can say Indian constitution is one although written for the Indian people who speak different Indian languages. Likewise Indian literature is one although written in the different Indian languages because their value systems and consequently value judgements are one. In addition, if there is one particular Indian constitution for all Indians then why not Indian literature? 1. 2 Indian Literary Theory: Indians must study our own tradition first and try to understand its useful theories to enrich literary angle as well as literary creations. We should also study the western or foreign literary criticism and try to accept whatever is useful as per our culture pattern. Chapter II Nativism: Indian Critical Discourse In this chapter an attempt has been made to study, analyze and assess the origin and development of Indian Nativism in literature. 2. Towards Nativistic Literary Theory: i)A number of approaches to the study of Indian Literature are in vogue today – the Marxist, the feminist, the Orientalist, the Postcolonial, the subaltern, to mention a few. Their common drawback is their inability to see that the theory of the nativism is the key to this thought. The basic insight of the theory of nativism is simple enough. Nativism is nothing but asserting one’s own native culture. At the same time it tries to augment the tradition and change it into current coin and makes it acceptable to the present age. However, innovation requires the adoption of western ideas but one should adopt them only on his own terms, on condition that they could be integrated within an Indian intellectual framework. ii)One of the consequences of this adoption of western literary theories was the emergence of modern Indian Literary theory. But one should be aware of the fact that the contact with the west produced two distinct genre of literary theory. One is literary theory in India and the other is Indian Literary theory. What distinguishes the two is their respective intellectual framework. Literary theory in India does not have an Indian intellectual framework. It is primarily a body of western literary theory to be applicable to India. Some Indians adopted them together with their western intellectual framework. The Indian Marxists, Neo-Marxists and subaltern theoreticians were (and still are) the skilled practioners of this genre of literary theory. They used (and still use) the western intellectual framework depending on convenience, but not an Indian framework, in their attempt to modernize Indian literary theory. iii)Indian literary theory by contrast is a body of ideas that includes Indian ideas as well as select nativised Western ideas, both set in a recognizably Indian intellectual framework. Aanand Coomarswamy, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, among others produced literary theory of this sort. But Bhalchandra Nemade is the most prominent theorist and his prominence is due to his theory of Nativism. He is not afraid of adopting certain Western ideas (i. e. Ralf Linton’s Nativistic Movements from Anthoropology) if he feels that their adoption is necessary for India’s innovation. At the same time, he is careful to keep intact the genius of our civilization. What he wants to keep intact is what is truly original to the Indian way of thinking. And the theory of Nativism certainly is part of it. iv)At present, one finds an unusual proliferation of Indian practical criticism without the necessary native theory of literature. The attempts to westernize or to Sanskritize Indian literary theory into a single system also proved to be inadequate. There is a great problem, which needs to be looked into in order to understand the precise nature of the crisis in Indian criticism. That problem relates neither to the sanskritic tradition of poetics nor to western literary thought. It relates to literary theory in the modern Indian languages. v)In order to evolve a native literary theory based on our national genius, culture and traditions, Bhalachandra Nemade, a poet-Novelist critic, advanced the positive term ‘Nativism’ to start a nationwide literary movement emphasizing India’s many regional languages and cultures, a movement just now being widely recognized and challenged. The concept of Nativism has its affinities with the idealogy expounded by two Mahatmas: Phule and Gandhi, both posed danger to the greater Anglo-Sanskritic tradition by introducing a different system of moral concern which emphasizes truth and threatened to alter the basic characteristics of Indian Society by making its cultural periphery its center. Nemade, successfully, advanced the term nativism, shaped by decentralized impulse rather than centralized one and advocated indomitable literary values : tradition, Indian modernity, new morality, verbal action, truth, language of the people and nativisation. vi)Nativism in Indian literature is not anti-migrant like American Nativism because it is not form of ethnic identity that seeks to exclude those who are not members of the local or indigenous ethnic groups from residing and/or working in a territory because they are not native to the country or region. But Nativism is reactionary and progressive form of indigenism whose agenda can be summed up as an urge for cultural self respect and autonomy. It is nothing but the freeing of Indian literature from alien models and creating the opportunity to make it stand on its own. vii)Nativism is not atavism; those who have a hankering to go back into the ancestral past are called atavistic. Shivsena and Maharashtra Navnirman Sena are atavistic because of their chauvinistic and outdated views. viii)Thus, nativism is a value term. It stands for the writer’s clarity of vision about his place in his society and culture; it stands for mature understanding of things in their proper perspective; and it stands for the writer’s sense of responsibility as an adult to forge in the smithy of his soul the uncreated conscience of his race. ix) Hence, the term nativism needs to be exhibited in the glossary of literary terms as well as in all the Standard English dictionaries. Chapter III Indian Nativistic Literary Values Therefore, in this chapter an attempt has been made to discuss Indian Nativistic Literary values. 3. Nativistic Literary Values: i) Tradition: Nativism locates non-vedic and oral tradition as the most significant creative upsurge of the Indian mind not only for the merit of ideas and insights it can offer but for its place in the process of acquiring Indian sensibility. Nemade is the first important literary critic to introduce nativism which has the context of a living desi (native) tradition inherited from the Satyashodhak (seekers of truth) movement started by Phule. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul; hence we should cultivate the habit of looking within and be proud of our Indian culture and institutions in the right spirit. Consequently, we must rule out the colonial and brahmnical literary canons as being the only authentic literature. ii) Indian Modernity: Indian modernity is a culture specific phase of history. In India modernism came to be recognized as synonymous to westernization, hence it is not only great insult to India but also betrays gross ignorance of sociological science. Modernity cannot and should not be transplanted; it must be shaped according to past traditions and present circumstances. We should create our own modernity that suits our ancient heritage and have Indian growth. The real strength of Indian modernity will be tried on our indomitable desi (native) values. Any attempt to be different from the western models which is a sign of originality also may lead to a new native tradition. iii) New Morality: Nemade’s dichotomy : old and new morality, being purely sociological, is a paradigm of Phule’s distinction between true and false morality as expounded in The Universal Religion of Truth. Nemade advanced a modern literary value : New Morality, to set a very high premium on the morality of the writer. Nemade believes that the existence of the novelist implies community and his group consciousness. The writer has to employ his own scale of values, which are based on the original social values. Since literature is an art form the writer must imply a plane, a condition that goes beyond social values. True morality, for Gandhi – New morality for Nemade – consists not in following the beaten track, but in finding out the true path for ourselves and fearlessly following it. iv) Verbal Action: Indian nativism articulates itself gradually through reason. A nativist selects the theme as a verbal action with a specific moral angle in the context of the multi-faceted relation between the individual and the community. And in keeping with the action oriented theme, he organizes the novel through the medium of language. The novel becomes, then, the vehicle of thought. v) Truth: Nativism shows a strong inclination towards realism and social reality, which has been inherited from Jotirao Phule’s The Universal Religion of Truth ; from his writing we can discern quite clearly that he equates truth with reality. Truth has certain inevitable and determinable consequences for nativistic literary theory that it affords to judge literature in terms of its relationship to the world rather than in terms of inherent aesthetic criteria. At the heart of nativism lies a commitment to socialist humanism. Truth as a form of Indian social reality is not a simplistic as the western idea but it has Indian social ramifications from Buddha to Gandhi, hence nativism outwardly follows the Sartreian concept of freedom but inwardly emphasizes the Gandhian concept of absolute and relative truth which lies in the acceptance of the need for a corrective process of experimentation with our own experience. Nativism emphasizes Indian hungers : equality, modernity and spirituality, as absolute as well as relative truth. vi) Languge of the people: Nativism emphasizes the language of the people in the production of culture and priviledges the language and culture of the common folk as opposed to that of the elites, hence Buddha preferred Pali, Mahaveera Ardhamagadhi, Basaveshwara Kannada, Dnyaneshwara and Chakradhara Marathi and so on. Nemade’s nativistic anti-English attitude is Gandhian, which draws our attention to the central literary process in the Indian languages which are deeply rooted in the life of the people with the tradition of two thousand years. vii) Nativisation: Nativism does not mean to suggest that we should be blind to the experience of other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism; but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. The texture of a vibrant society is strengthened by nativization of abstract and concrete influences impinging from outside. In short, if we believe that nativisation is a value system explicit in theory and practice of Indian literature we should initiate a process of critical reconsideration of our existing culture material and practice it with confidence. Chapter – IV Nativism in Indian Literature An attempt has been made in the earlier chapters to give a detailed survey of Nativism in Marathi Literature and hints for certain comparative studies, particularly, with reference to the nativistic literary values. This work is one of the first attempts towards the creation of a Nativistic model for the study of Indian Literatures – their interrelations and independence, their proximities and distances, their differences in quality and quantity. This study will develop a model of multilingual, multi-literature history of Indian Literature. The efficacy of this model will be examined in future not only by the votaries of multi language literatures but also by the historians of literary complexes, particularly in multi lingual countries. In this chapter, the study focuses its inquires into Nativism in Indian literature in the selected Indian languages. The period covered in the present study is much longer : since 1960 upto the date i. e. nearly 47 years; and the literatures in the following languages approved by Sahitya Akademi have been considered for the purpose : |1 |Assamese |12 |Manipuri | |2 |Bengali |13 |Marathi | |3 |Bodo |14 |Nepali | |4 |Dogri |15 |Oriya | |5 |Gujarati |16 |Punjabi | |6 |Hindi |17 |Rajasthani | |7 |Kannada |18 |Santhali | |8 |Kashmiri |19 |Sindhi | |9 |Konkani |20 |Tamil | |10 |Maithili |21 |Telugu | |11 |Malayalam |22 |Urdu | Research skills, methods & methodology In the present study I have practiced the said skill set, extensively. Alongwith these research skills, I have used the following research methods : 1) Textual analysis 2) Discourse analysis 3) Questionnaire method. 4) Interview 5) ICT based method. 6) Creative writing as a research method. 7) Quantitative method Moreover the methods have been informed by background research into the context of the cultural artifact under scrutiny, the context of its production, its content and its consumption. In this process I have consulted, mainly, original sources for the purpose. Lastly the methods are relied on Nativistic perspective or methodology. Thus, in the light of nativistic theory, a study of nativism has been carried out in the subsequent sections and chapters. In the present study, within research specific contexts, interview data and questionnaire has been treated both as resource and as topic but where to put the emphasis depends on the individual research context. In the present study an attempt will be made to identify whether the concept of Nativism like all other similar artifact is valid for all Indian literatures in their respected languages. 4. Nativism in Indian literature: Outcome of the Study of Questionnaire and Interviews: i)Indian literature, though written in many languages, it has been observed that different regional literatures, i.e. Bhasha literatures, cherish and nourish nativism in different degrees. These literatures display a firmer hold on nativism; and all these literatures though not entirely free from the lures of literary modernism, present greater number of literary works with a splendid awareness of native tradition. ii)The strains of nativism are seen in all the Indian languages and literatures but they do not form the mainstream. However, Nativism has become a dynamic counter-literary movement in Indian Literature. After 1960s, many of the better literary works in Indian literature came from Nativistic writers. iii) As can be expected, Nativism suffered apathy and neglect of the literary establishments as well as stiff opposition from the established elite writers because Nativistic theory is the very reverse of elitist. Elitist represents particular sort of cultural breeding, Anglo-Brahmin in particular. When new kinds of students entered in higher education from supposedly uncultivated backgrounds, Nativistic theory helped them to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a civilized sensibility. Consequently, Nativism expected literature itself to be an ordinary kind of language instantly available to everyone. Thus, Nativistic theory is shaped by a democratic impulse. As a result, the major literarya movements (currents) have been a part of the Nativistic movements. They are : Dalit, Gramin (rural), Aadivasi (tribal), feminist, muslim and so on. iv)One of the most important developments in Indian literature since 1960s in all the languages has perhaps been the breakdown of the colonial voice, a unifying concern that despite its varieties of articulation characterized the  literature that just preceded the 1960s. v)All the languages had certain father figures represented by specific concerns, conventions and forms characterized by Nativism. vi)The writers, in all the languages, were well aware of the indigenous traditions that were rich in situations, characters, symbols, motifs and archetypes that could well serve as a sourse of metaphors for the conflicts of modern life. vii)These writers raised basic theoretical questions, examined paradigm – shifts and interrogated the set canons. viii)Indian literature, in all the languages, deals with: a)impact of colonialism, b)the legacy of Indian literatute in the post colonial context, c)the continuities and discontinuities of colonial and post colonial Indian literature, d)the possible means of decolonization, e)modernism as a cultural pastiche, f)formal innovations intone with the Nativistic concerns and contents, g)development of Dalit literature and poetics of its own: subaltern literary theory, As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism, we have observed Nativism as a critical theory only in two languages : Kannada and Gujarati. Therefore, in this section, an attempt has been made to evaluate Nativism as a critical theory in Kannada and Gujarati literature. Chapter V Nativistic Readings: The present chapter aims to provide practical criticism vis-a-vis Nativism in Indian literature. It also provides a basic introduction to the Nativistic critical-interpretive perspective that a reader beginning a serious study may bring to bear on literature. This chapter simply demonstrates Nativism as a critical tool, what we call approach, hence it is suggestive rather than exhaustive. Its not definitive but it can suggest the possibilities in literature and literary criticism. Chapter – VI Nativistic Pedagogic Practices: In this chapter our aim has been to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a nativistic approach in teaching literature. Here, we have attempted to establish links between the nativistic approach and teaching methods. We have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method speak for itself and allow readers to make their own appraisals. This study is not intended to popularize or promote nativistic approach only, nor is it an attempt to train teachers in the use of the methods described because teaching literature, as Elaine Showalter said, is not brain surgery, no one will die if we make a mistake about Dryden (2003:IX). Rather, it is designed to give the teacher an introduction to less commonly used method and set of literary canons by which to critically read, observe, analyse and question any literary work of art. Chapter VII Conclusions: Challenges: Ganesh Devi (1997:13) warns that Desivad in literary criticism must carefully guard itself against becoming a militant and closed ideology. It must bring to its practitioners a sense of self-discipline and self-search. Since the world has been shrinking as cultural space and since the exchanges between cultures have increased, Indian literary critics should think of the intellectual traffic between the West and India which has been becoming increasingly unilateral. It should be multi-lateral in the following ways : i) In India we have an ancient wisdom alongwith a stream of knowledge that has flown from the west. The confrontation between these two has brought both illumination as well as a sense of bewilderment. What is now needed is a methodology to disseminate this new wisdom. The exploration of new methodologies is the aim of all the research activities that is being carried out in this project. ii) We have to grasp the awareness that springs out of the harmony and confrontation of the sciences and the arts, the classical and the folk, the indigenous and the extraneous, the occidental and the oriental and the great and the little traditions. iii) We must also strive to express this awareness in Indian languages, as it is only such awareness which finds expression in one’s own language that is useful. iv) Translation, explication, interpretation and criticism are some of the ways in which the new awarensss could be created. v)It is a challenge for the writers to make use of the native resources and adopt them for the expression of modern consciousness. vi)The use of nativistic theory requires re-interpretation for the present cultural movement. vii)John Oliver Perry (2000:29) argues that Criticism of literary texts and even non-literary ones rarely nowadays limits its purview to purely verbal material, i. e. , written or oral tests, but extends its concerns to and from issues, places, perspectives in the wider world. So criticis in India is not merely from or for India, and it is not necessarily directly about India. But it is always at least implicityly a criticism of India. To that extent it contributes beyond the literary scene to the capacity of Indians to think about themselves, their culture and society, their future as well as their past. According to Perry (2000:45) Nativism supports regional culture rather than merely attacks the widening use and power of Indian English or of globalization. So, Nativism would seem to be potentially a prime movement opposing hegemonization and/or homogenization of India’s multicultural diversity. viii)The greatest impediment for Nativism is the problems that come of being, or being accused ‘of being, narrowly provincial, and traditional. But the diversity among regional writers is not found, in Indian context; regarding nativistic attitude. However, Nativism is not susceptible to national organization, but it sometimes ijis allied or confused with those political forces seeking not merely to loosen the bounds of the federal central government to the different states (usually organized within regional language boundries) but also to contain or restratin nationalism itself, which suggests a direct assault on the highly influential Hindutva movement (Perry, 2000:46). Nativism and globalization: Globalization, in literature, is appreciating the variety of desi (native) contents, themes, techniques, styles, literariness etc. of different regions, countries in their individual contexts. An open minded appreciation of a literary work as it is, in its own context, is what is expected in true globalization. The global literary theory can only be shaped by a decentralized impulse rather than a centralized one. This is what is the most positive way to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a narrow nationalism and throw them open to a kind of analysis in which anyone could participate. The texture of a vibrant society, literature and culture could be strengthened by the multicultural participation and appreciation. It has been argued that the books can be exportable-importable commodities, not the literary values. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul. However, it does not mean that we should be blind to the experiences of the other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism; but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. In other words, globalization, in literature, is nativisation and vice-versa. Therefore, instead of talking glibly of internationalism and scoffing at nativism one should be in a position to decide: 1. which foreign elements need to be imported or borrowed and nativised, and 2. which native elements need to be exported or introduced and globalized. As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism we may look at the western critical concepts : modernism, post-modernism, realism, existentialism, Marxism, structuralism, deconstructionalism, feminism etc. which have been mechanically applied to Indian situation. These concepts could have been nativised after synthesis between these two worlds. Consider, for instance, feminism. In fact feminism is a global and revolutionally idealogy. However, there is an English, American, French and/or Black feminism, still it is global. Then why can there not be an Indian feminism. The Black women unite together under the banner of womanism which denies even the vocabulary of the white race. It was this non-vedik tradition pleaded for equal and common human rights for women and men. It may therefore be assumed that India is culturally mature enough to manipulate the new ideas to its advantage. The Indian feminism could be strengthened by the nativisation of French, English, American and/or Black Feminism. The process of nativisation makes us aware of the fact that our native elements must be exported or introduced and globalised. This is not simply give-and-take policy or export-import market logic if looked into the matter of book industry, leaving aside the literary values Nativism does believe that globalization is a value system in Indian Literature, hence need to export and globalize Indian creative and critical literature in order to stop the unilateral intellectual traffic and encourage the multilateral traffic between India and the rest of the world. Thus, one can follow nativisation and globalization, Globalizing Indian literature is easily possible only through global language, and without doubt, the Indians must accept that English is the world’s first truly global language. Therefore, the only way to globalize Indian literature in general, and nativism in particular, would be to translate into English. Thus, from the outset, Gandhi’s mission was global, hence preferred translations and like Gandhi, Nemade, the father of Indian Nativism, recommends a well-planned programme of translations from the regional languages into English and vice-versa. English education has made us all mental translators in varius measures of efficiency.